zero localization
11Integrally closed domain — In commutative algebra, an integrally closed domain A is an integral domain whose integral closure in the field of fractions of A is A itself. Many well studied domains are integrally closed: Fields, the ring of integers Z, unique factorization… …
12Torsion (algebra) — In abstract algebra, the term torsion refers to a number of concepts related to elements of finite order in groups and to the failure of modules to be free. Definition Let G be a group. An element g of G is called a torsion element if g has… …
13nature, philosophy of — Introduction the discipline that investigates substantive issues regarding the actual features of nature as a reality. The discussion here is divided into two parts: the philosophy of physics and the philosophy of biology. In this… …
14Kalman filter — Roles of the variables in the Kalman filter. (Larger image here) In statistics, the Kalman filter is a mathematical method named after Rudolf E. Kálmán. Its purpose is to use measurements observed over time, containing noise (random variations)… …
15Integrality — In commutative algebra, the notions of an element integral over a ring (also called an algebraic integer over the ring), and of an integral extension of rings, are a generalization of the notions in field theory of an element being algebraic over …
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17Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis) — In mathematics, especially functional analysis, the spectrum of an operator generalizes the notion of eigenvalues. Given an operator, it is sometimes useful to break up the spectrum into various parts. This article discusses a few examples of… …
18Noncommutative algebraic geometry — is a branch of mathematics, and more specifically a direction in noncommutative geometry that studies the geometric properties of formal duals of non commutative algebraic objects such as rings as well as geometric objects derived from them (e.g …
19Edge detection — is a terminology in image processing and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction, to refer to algorithms which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes… …
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