volume variance
121Cost accounting — Accountancy Key concepts Accountant · Accounting period · Bookkeeping · Cash and accrual basis · Cash flow management · Chart of accounts  …
122Twin study — Twin studies are one of a family of designs in behavior genetics which aid the study of individual differences by highlighting the role of environmental and genetic causes on behavior. Twins are invaluable for studying these important questions… …
123Covariance matrix — A bivariate Gaussian probability density function centered at (0,0), with covariance matrix [ 1.00, .50 ; .50, 1.00 ] …
124Random walk — A random walk, sometimes denoted RW, is a mathematical formalization of a trajectory that consists of taking successive random steps. The results of random walk analysis have been applied to computer science, physics, ecology, economics and a… …
125Minimum message length — (MML) is a formal information theory restatement of Occam s Razor: even when models are not equal in goodness of fit accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the shortest overall message is more likely to be correct (where the message… …
126Degrees of freedom (statistics) — In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary.[1] Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number… …
127Evidence of common descent — The wide range of evidence of common descent of living things strongly indicates the occurrence of evolution and provides a wealth of information on the natural processes by which the variety of life on Earth developed, supporting the modern… …
128Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) — Infobox haplogroup name =R1a origin date =15,000 years BP origin place =East Iran or Pakistan or North India or Western Caucasus or Ukraine ancestor =Haplogroup R1 descendants = mutations =SRY 1532, M17 members =Ishkashimi 68%, Tajik/Khojant 64% …
