value-added arithmetic language
51logic, history of — Introduction the history of the discipline from its origins among the ancient Greeks to the present time. Origins of logic in the West Precursors of ancient logic There was a medieval tradition according to which the Greek philosopher …
52Logicism — is one of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.[1] Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead… …
53C++0x — is the planned new standard for the C++ programming language. It is intended to replace the existing C++ standard, ISO/IEC 14882, which was published in 1998 and updated in 2003. These predecessors are informally known as C++98 and C++03. The new …
54Second-order logic — In logic and mathematics second order logic is an extension of first order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic.[1] Second order logic is in turn extended by higher order logic and type theory. First order logic uses only… …
55Java (software platform) — Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java Original author(s) Oracle Corporation Developer(s) James Gosling / Sun Microsystems …
56PDP-8 — A PDP 8 on display at the Smithsonian s National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.. This example is from the first generation of PDP 8s, built with discrete transistors and later known as the Straight 8. The 12 bit PDP 8 was the… …
57Addition — is the mathematical process of putting things together. The plus sign + means that two numbers are added together. For example, in the picture on the right, there are 3 + 2 apples meaning three apples and two other apples which is the same as… …
58EDUCATION, JEWISH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline. Bibliography at the end of a section is indicated by (†). in the biblical period the nature of the sources historical survey the patriarchal period and the settlement the kingdom the… …
59Propositional calculus — In mathematical logic, a propositional calculus or logic (also called sentential calculus or sentential logic) is a formal system in which formulas of a formal language may be interpreted as representing propositions. A system of inference rules… …
60physical science, principles of — Introduction the procedures and concepts employed by those who study the inorganic world. physical science, like all the natural sciences, is concerned with describing and relating to one another those experiences of the surrounding… …
