ultraviolet spectroscopy
21Raman spectroscopy — Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal. The line thickness is roughly proportional to the signal strength from the different transitions. Raman spectroscopy (   …
22Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy — (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which utilises a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. LIBS can analyse any matter regardless of its physical state, be it solid, liquid or gas. Even slurries, aerosols, gels, and… …
23Photoemission spectroscopy — (PES), also known as photoelectron spectroscopy, refers to energy measurement of electrons emitted from solids, gases or liquids by the photoelectric effect, in order to determine the binding energies of electrons in a substance. The term refers… …
24X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy — [ right|thumb|350px|Basic components of a monochromatic XPS system.] X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state… …
25NMR spectroscopy of stereoisomers — NMR spectroscopy techniques can determine the absolute configuration of stereoisomers such as cis or trans alkenes, R or S enantiomers, and R,R or R,S diastereomers.[1][2] In a mixture of enantiomers, these methods can help quantify the optical… …
26Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy — A 900MHz NMR instrument with a 21.2 T magnet at HWB NMR, Birmingham, UK Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei… …
27Resonance Raman spectroscopy — Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is a specialized implementation of the more general Raman spectroscopy. Overview As in Raman spectroscopy, RR spectroscopy provides information about the vibrations of molecules, and can also be used for… …
28Mössbauer spectroscopy — A Mössbauer absorption spectrum of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect. This effect, discovered by Rudolf Mössbauer in 1957, consists in the recoil free, resonant absorption and emission of gamma …
29Rotational spectroscopy — Part of the rotational vibrational spectrum of carbon monoxide (CO) gas (from FTIR), showing the presence of P and R branches. Frequency is on the x axis, and absorbance on the y axis. Rotational spectroscopy or microwave spectroscopy studies the …
30Atomic emission spectroscopy — (AES) is a method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light emitted from a flame, plasma, arc, or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line gives… …
