total curvature
61gravitation — gravitational, adj. gravitationally, adv. /grav i tay sheuhn/, n. 1. Physics. a. the force of attraction between any two masses. Cf. law of gravitation. b. an act or process caused by this force. 2. a sinking or falling …
62Gaussian beam — In optics, a Gaussian beam is a beam of electromagnetic radiation whose transverse electric field and intensity (irradiance) distributions are well approximated by Gaussian functions. Many lasers emit beams that approximate a Gaussian profile, in …
63Earth radius — The Earth s shape, like that of all major planets, approximates a sphere. A true sphere has a unique radius, but on Earth the distance from the mean sea level at each point on the surface to the center (the radius of the Earth at a point on the… …
64geomagnetic field — Magnetic field associated with the Earth. It is essentially dipolar (i.e., it has two poles, the northern and southern magnetic poles) on the Earth s surface. Away from the surface, the field becomes distorted. Most geomagnetists explain the… …
65eye disease — Introduction any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human eye (eye, human). This article briefly describes the more common diseases of the eye and its associated structures, the methods used in examination and diagnosis, and the… …
66Friedmann equations — Physical cosmology Universe · Big Bang …
67Observable universe — For a general discussion of the universe, see Universe. Visualization of the 93 billion light year – or 28 billion parsec – three dimensional observable universe. The scale is such that the fine grains of light represent collections of large… …
68Eötvös effect — In the early 1900s a German team from the Institute of Geodesy in Potsdam carried out gravity measurements on moving ships in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. While studying their results the Hungarian nobleman and physicist Baron Roland… …
69mathematics — /math euh mat iks/, n. 1. (used with a sing. v.) the systematic treatment of magnitude, relationships between figures and forms, and relations between quantities expressed symbolically. 2. (used with a sing. or pl. v.) mathematical procedures,… …
70Affine connection — An affine connection on the sphere rolls the affine tangent plane from one point to another. As it does so, the point of contact traces out a curve in the plane: the development. In the branch of mathematics called differential geometry, an… …
