to work one's way up unaided
61Fall of the Ottoman Empire — issues cleanup=Sep 2008 refimprove=Sep 2008 wikify=Sep 2008 Republic of Turkey (superimposed upon modern borders). Some scholars argue the power of the Caliphate began waning by 1683, and without the acquisition of significant new wealth the… …
62Africa — /af ri keuh/, n. 1. a continent S of Europe and between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. 551,000,000; ab. 11,700,000 sq. mi. (30,303,000 sq. km). adj. 2. African. * * * I Second largest continent on Earth. It is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea,… …
63rationalism — rationalist, n. rationalistic, rationalistical, adj. rationalistically, adv. /rash euh nl iz euhm/, n. 1. the principle or habit of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, belief, or conduct. 2. Philos. a. the doctrine… …
64astronomical map — Introduction any cartographic representation of the stars, galaxies, or surfaces of the planets and the Moon. Modern maps of this kind are based on a coordinate system analagous to geographic latitude and longitude. In most cases, modern… …
65caricature and cartoon — ▪ graphic arts Introduction in graphic art, comically distorted drawing or likeness, done with the purpose of satirizing or ridiculing its subject. Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying political commentary and editorial opinion… …
66Rene Descartes — René Descartes † Catholic Encyclopedia ► René Descartes (Renatus Cartesius), philosopher and scientist, born at La Haye France, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650. He studied at the Jesuit college of La Flèche …
67Augustine — Gerard O’Daly 1 LIFE AND PHILOSOPHICAL READINGS Augustine was born in Thagaste (modern Souk Ahras in Algeria) in Roman North Africa in AD 354. He died as bishop of Hippo (now Annaba, Algeria) in 430. His education followed the standard Roman… …
68Atlas Shrugged — This article is about the novel. For the film adaptation, see Atlas Shrugged: Part I. Atlas Shrugged   …
69botany — /bot n ee/, n., pl. botanies. 1. the science of plants; the branch of biology that deals with plant life. 2. the plant life of a region: the botany of Alaska. 3. the biology of a plant or plant group: the botany of deciduous trees. 4. (sometimes… …
70Zimbabwe — Zimbabwean, adj., n. /zim bahb way, wee/, n. 1. Formerly, Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia. a republic in S Africa: a former British colony and part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland; gained independence 1980. 11,423,175; 150,330 sq. mi.… …
