these quantities
81GIS and Hydrology — Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become a particularly useful and important tool in hydrology and to hydrologists in the scientific study and management of water resources. Climate change and greater demands on water resources require a… …
82Metal ions in aqueous solution — A metal ion in aqueous solution is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H2O)n]z+. The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li+ and Be2+ and 6 for elements in rows 3 and 4 of the periodic… …
83Meteorological instrumentation — Galileo thermometer Meteorological instrumentation is the equipment used to sample the state of the atmosphere at a given time. Each science has its own unique sets of laboratory equipment. However, meteorology is a science which does not use… …
84Absolute zero — For other uses, see Absolute Zero (disambiguation). Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which entropy reaches its minimum value. The laws of thermodynamics state that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means. A… …
85Elliptic integral — In integral calculus, elliptic integrals originally arose in connection with the problem of giving the arc length of an ellipse. They were first studied by Giulio Fagnano and Leonhard Euler. Modern mathematics defines an elliptic integral as any… …
86Thermodynamic free energy — In thermodynamics, the term thermodynamic free energy refers to the amount of work that can be extracted from a system, and is helpful in engineering applications. It is a subtraction of the entropy of a system ( useless energy ) from the total… …
87Thermodynamic potential — A thermodynamic potential is a scalar potential function used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. One main thermodynamic potential which has a physical interpretation is the internal energy, U. It is the energy of configuration of a …
88Gravitational lensing formalism — In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter b by an angle hat{alpha} = frac{4GM}{c^2b}. A naïve application of Newtonian gravity can yield exactly half this value, where the light ray is assumed as a massed… …
89Mild-slope equation — Simulation of wave penetration involving diffraction and refraction into Tedious Creek, Maryland, using CGWAVE (which solves the mild slope equation). In fluid dynamics, the mild slope equation describes the combined effects of diffraction and… …
90Dimension (metadata) — In metadata, dimension is a set of equivalent units of measure, where equivalence between two units of measure is determined by the existence of a quantity preserving one to one correspondence between values measured in one unit of measure and… …
