the upper crust
81Abundance of the chemical elements — Estimated proportions of matter, dark matter and dark energy in the universe. Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled atoms is composed of chemical elements. The abundance of a chemical element measures how relatively… …
82Geology of the Australian Capital Territory — Australia grew around three fused pieces of very ancient continental crust (cratons). The geology of the Australian Capital Territory includes rocks dating from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago, whilst most rocks are from the Silurian …
83Geology of the Himalaya — [ Fig 1: The earth in the Early Permian. At that time, India is part of Gondwana and bordered to the north by the Cimmerian Superterrane. Paleogeographic reconstructions. By Dèzes (1999), based on Stampfli and Borel (2002) and Patriat and Achache …
84Oceanic crust — Age of oceanic crust. The red is most recent, and blue is the oldest. Oceanic crust is the part of Earth s lithosphere that surfaces in the ocean basins. Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima, which is rich in iron and… …
85Geology of the Capitol Reef area — [ Waterpocket Fold is the major geographic feature in the area of the park. This view is from above Capitol Reef Scenic Drive looking back at the west face of the broken and eroded fold.] The exposed geology of the Capitol Reef area presents a… …
86History of the Earth — For the history of modern humans, see History of the world. Geological time put in a diagram called a geological clock, showing the relative lengths of the eons of the Earth s history The history of the Earth describes the most important events… …
87Cuisine of the Midwestern United States — Chicago style deep dish pizza …
88Colonization of the Moon — Lunar outpost redirects here. For NASA s plan to construct an outpost between 2012 and 2024, see Lunar outpost (NASA). Moonbase redirects here. For other uses, see Moonbase (disambiguation). 1986 artist concept The colonization of the Moon is the …
89Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco — San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge (eastern span replacement) Artistic rendition of the new eastern span of the Bay Bridge seen from Treasure Island (ca. 2014) Official name To be determ …
90Geology of the North Sea — Contents 1 Tectonic structure 2 Precambrian 3 Finnmarkian, Athollian, Caledonian Orogenies …
