the total radiation can be determined with
111Stefan–Boltzmann law — The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan s law, states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body in unit time (known variously as the black body irradiance, energy flux density, radiant flux, or the emissive… …
112Speed of light — The speed of light in the vacuum of free space is an important physical constant usually denoted by the letter c . [NIST and BIPM practice is to use c 0 for the speed of light in vacuum in accord with international standard ISO 31 5. See… …
113Nuclear weapon design — The first nuclear weapons, though large, cumbersome and inefficient, provided the basic design building blocks of all future weapons. Here the Gadget device is prepared for the first nuclear test: Trinity. Nuclear weapon designs are physical,… …
114Chernobyl disaster effects — The Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes. It is the most significant unintentional release of radiation into the environment to… …
115Economics of new nuclear power plants — The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views on this topic, and multi billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source. Nuclear power plants typically have high capital… …
116Cambrian explosion — The Cambrian explosion or Cambrian radiation was the seemingly rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animals around Ma|530, as evidenced by the fossil record. [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cambrian/camb.html The Cambrian Period] ]… …
117materials science — the study of the characteristics and uses of various materials, as glass, plastics, and metals. [1960 65] * * * Study of the properties of solid materials and how those properties are determined by the material s composition and structure, both… …
118Flatness problem — The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a hyperbolic, underdense… …
119JERUSALEM — The entry is arranged according to the following outline: history name protohistory the bronze age david and first temple period second temple period the roman period byzantine jerusalem arab period crusader period mamluk period …
120Emission spectrum — The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the element s atoms or the compound s molecules when they are returned to a lower energy state. Each element s …
