the positive integers
31Euler's totient function — For other functions named after Euler, see List of topics named after Leonhard Euler. The first thousand values of φ(n) In number theory, the totient φ(n) of a positive integer n is defined to be the number of positive integers less than or equal …
32Exponentiation — Exponent redirects here. For other uses, see Exponent (disambiguation). Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as an, involving two numbers, the base a and the exponent (or power) n. When n is a positive integer, exponentiation… …
33Least common multiple — In arithmetic and number theory, the least common multiple (also called the lowest common multiple or smallest common multiple) of two integers a and b, usually denoted by LCM(a, b), is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of both a… …
34Partition (number theory) — Young diagrams associated to the partitions of the positive integers 1 through 8. They are so arranged that images under the reflection about the main diagonal of the square are conjugate partitions. In number theory and combinatorics, a… …
35mathematics, foundations of — Scientific inquiry into the nature of mathematical theories and the scope of mathematical methods. It began with Euclid s Elements as an inquiry into the logical and philosophical basis of mathematics in essence, whether the axioms of any system… …
36Natural number — Natural numbers can be used for counting (one apple, two apples, three apples, ...) from top to bottom. In mathematics, the natural numbers are the ordinary whole numbers used for counting ( there are 6 coins on the table ) and ordering ( this is …
37number game — Introduction any of various puzzles and games that involve aspects of mathematics. Mathematical recreations comprise puzzles and games that vary from naive amusements to sophisticated problems, some of which have never been solved.… …
38Normal number — For the floating point meaning in computing, see normal number (computing). In mathematics, a normal number is a real number whose infinite sequence of digits in every base b[1] is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the b digit… …
39Multiplicative function — Outside number theory, the term multiplicative function is usually used for completely multiplicative functions. This article discusses number theoretic multiplicative functions. In number theory, a multiplicative function is an arithmetic… …
40History of algebra — Elementary algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with solving for the operands of arithmetic equations. Modern or abstract algebra has its origins as an abstraction of elementary algebra. Historians know that the earliest mathematical… …
