the lasing material
11Dye laser — Close up of a table top dye laser based on Rhodamine 6G, emitting at 580 nm (yellow orange). The emitted laser beam is visible as faint yellow lines. The orange dye solution enters the laser from the left, and is pumped by a 514 nm (blue green)… …
12optical ceramics — Introduction advanced industrial materials developed for use in optical applications. Optical materials derive their utility from their response to infrared, optical, and ultraviolet light. The most obvious optical materials are… …
13Solid-state laser — A solid state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. Semiconductor based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class …
14Directed-energy weapon — This article is about practical experiments with energy weapons. For fictional uses, see raygun. Humvee with Active Denial System mounted A directed energy weapon (DEW) emits energy in an aimed direction without the means of a projectile. It… …
15Physical Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Scientists discovered a new family of superconducting materials and obtained unique images of individual hydrogen atoms and of a multiple exoplanet system. Europe completed the Large Hadron Collider, and China and India took… …
16Xenon — (PronEng|ˈzɛnɒn [Xenon, entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, prepared by J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner, vol. 20, second edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. ISBN 0 19 861232 X (vol. 20), ISBN 0 19 861186 2 (set.)] or IPAlink en|ˈziːnɒn… …
17Laser pumping — is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms. When the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles… …
18Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity. Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …
19Light-emitting diode — LED redirects here. For other uses, see LED (disambiguation). Light emitting diode Red, pure green and blue LEDs of the 5mm diffused type Type Passive, optoelectronic Working principle Electr …
20Thermal shock — is the name given to cracking as a result of rapid temperature change. Glass and ceramic objects are particularly vulnerable to this form of failure, due to their low toughness, low thermal conductivity, and high thermal expansion coefficients.… …
