symmetric elements
31solids, mechanics of — ▪ physics Introduction science concerned with the stressing (stress), deformation (deformation and flow), and failure of solid materials and structures. What, then, is a solid? Any material, fluid or solid, can support normal forces.… …
32Geometric algebra — In mathematical physics, a geometric algebra is a multilinear algebra described technically as a Clifford algebra over a real vector space equipped with a non degenerate quadratic form. Informally, a geometric algebra is a Clifford algebra that… …
33Conjugacy class — In mathematics, especially group theory, the elements of any group may be partitioned into conjugacy classes; members of the same conjugacy class share many properties, and study of conjugacy classes of non abelian groups reveals many important… …
34Nichols algebra — The Nichols algebra of a braided vector space (with the braiding often induced by a finite group) is a braided Hopf algebra which is denoted by and named after the mathematician Warren Nichols. It takes the role of quantum Borel part of a pointed …
35Algebraic structure — In algebra, a branch of pure mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of one or more sets closed under one or more operations, satisfying some axioms. Abstract algebra is primarily the study of algebraic structures and their properties. The… …
36Metric tensor — In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function defined on a manifold (such as a surface in space) which takes as input a pair of tangent vectors v and w and produces a real number (scalar) g(v,w) in a… …
37Bilinear form — In mathematics, a bilinear form on a vector space V is a bilinear mapping V × V → F , where F is the field of scalars. That is, a bilinear form is a function B : V × V → F which is linear in each argument separately::egin{array}{l} ext{1. }B(u + …
38Outer automorphism group — In mathematics, the outer automorphism group of a group G is the quotient Aut(G) / Inn(G), where Aut(G) is the automorphism group of G and Inn(G) is the subgroup consisting of inner automorphisms. The outer automorphism group is usually …
39Holonomy — Parallel transport on a sphere depends on the path. Transporting from A → N → B → A yields a vector different from the initial vector. This failure to return to the initial vector is measured by the holonomy of the connection. In differential… …
40Group action — This article is about the mathematical concept. For the sociology term, see group action (sociology). Given an equilateral triangle, the counterclockwise rotation by 120° around the center of the triangle acts on the set of vertices of the… …
