spontaneous transition
71oxidation–reduction reaction — ▪ chemical reaction Introduction also called redox reaction any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a participating chemical species changes. The term covers a large and diverse body of processes. Many oxidation– reduction… …
72Coronal radiative losses — In astronomy and in astrophysics, for radiative losses of the solar corona, it is meant the energy flux irradiated from the external atmosphere of the Sun (traditionally divided into chromosphere, transition region and corona), and, in particular …
73Friedrich Hayek — Infobox Philosopher region = Western Philosophy era = 20th century philosophy color = #B0C4DE name = Friedrich August von Hayek birth = birth date|1899|5|8 Vienna, Austria Hungary death = death date and age|1992|3|23|1899|5|8 Freiburg, Germany… …
74Mutagenesis — (pronounced /mjuːtəˈdʒɛnɪsɪs/) is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be… …
75Raman spectroscopy — Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal. The line thickness is roughly proportional to the signal strength from the different transitions. Raman spectroscopy (   …
76Emission spectrum — The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the element s atoms or the compound s molecules when they are returned to a lower energy state. Each element s …
77QCD vacuum — The QCD vacuum is the vacuum state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It is an example of a non perturbative vacuum state, characterized by many non vanishing condensates such as the gluon condensate or the quark condensate. These condensates… …
78Italy — /it l ee/, n. a republic in S Europe, comprising a peninsula S of the Alps, and Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, and other smaller islands: a kingdom 1870 1946. 57,534,088; 116,294 sq. mi. (301,200 sq. km). Cap.: Rome. Italian, Italia. * * * Italy… …
79Classical XY model — The classical XY model (sometimes also called classical rotor (rotator) model or O(2) model) is a model of statistical mechanics. It is the special case of the n vector model for n = 2. Contents 1 Definition 2 General properties 2.1 One dimension …
80Fullerene — Buckminsterfullerene C60 (left) and carbon nanotubes (right) are two examples of structures in the fullerene family …
