single molecule detection and spectroscopy by laser induced fluorescence
11radiation — radiational, adj. /ray dee ay sheuhn/, n. 1. Physics. a. the process in which energy is emitted as particles or waves. b. the complete process in which energy is emitted by one body, transmitted through an intervening medium or space, and… …
12Nobel Prizes — ▪ 2009 Introduction Prize for Peace The 2008 Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded to Martti Ahtisaari, former president (1994–2000) of Finland, for his work over more than 30 years in settling international disputes, many involving ethnic,… …
13radiation measurement — ▪ technology Introduction technique for detecting the intensity and characteristics of ionizing radiation, such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays or neutrons, for the purpose of measurement. The term ionizing radiation refers to those… …
14Optical tweezers — (originally called single beam gradient force trap ) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch… …
15Physical Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Scientists discovered a new family of superconducting materials and obtained unique images of individual hydrogen atoms and of a multiple exoplanet system. Europe completed the Large Hadron Collider, and China and India took… …
16electromagnetic radiation — Physics. radiation consisting of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x rays, and gamma rays. [1950 55] * * * Energy propagated through free space or through a material medium in the form of… …
17Ultraviolet — UV redirects here. For other uses, see UV (disambiguation). UVB redirects here. For the mysterious shortwave radio station in Russia, see UVB 76. For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). False color image of the Sun s corona as seen in… …
18Enzyme kinetics — is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalysed by enzymes, with a focus on their reaction rates. The study of an enzyme s kinetics reveals the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled,… …
19Optical properties of carbon nanotubes — Contents 1 Terminology 2 Electronic structure of carbon nanotube 3 Van Hove singularities …
20Nitrogen-vacancy center — The nitrogen vacancy center (N V center) is one of numerous point defects in diamond. Its most explored and useful property is photoluminescence, which can be easily detected from an individual N V center. Electron spins at N V centers, localized …
