scalar line integral
111solids, mechanics of — ▪ physics Introduction science concerned with the stressing (stress), deformation (deformation and flow), and failure of solid materials and structures. What, then, is a solid? Any material, fluid or solid, can support normal forces.… …
112Chern class — In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology and differential geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated to complex vector bundles. Chern classes were introduced by Shiing Shen Chern (1946). Contents 1 Basic… …
113Volume form — In mathematics, a volume form is a nowhere zero differential n form on an n manifold. Every volume form defines a measure on the manifold, and thus a means to calculate volumes in a generalized sense. A manifold has a volume form if and only if… …
114Dimensional analysis — In physics and all science, dimensional analysis is a tool to find or check relations among physical quantities by using their dimensions. The dimension of a physical quantity is the combination of the basic physical dimensions (usually mass,… …
115Riemannian geometry — Elliptic geometry is also sometimes called Riemannian geometry. Riemannian geometry is the branch of differential geometry that studies Riemannian manifolds, smooth manifolds with a Riemannian metric , i.e. with an inner product on the tangent… …
116Classical central-force problem — In classical mechanics, the central force problem is to determine the motion of a particle under the influence of a single central force. A central force is a force that points from the particle directly towards (or directly away from) a fixed… …
117Hamilton's principle — In physics, Hamilton s principle is William Rowan Hamilton s formulation of the principle of stationary action (see that article for historical formulations). It states that the dynamics of a physical system is determined by a variational problem …
118Gauss' law for gravity — In physics, Gauss law for gravity, also known as Gauss flux theorem for gravity, is a law of physics which is essentially equivalent to Newton s law of universal gravitation. Its form is mathematically similar to Gauss law for electricity; in… …
119Numerical analysis — Babylonian clay tablet BC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BC) with annotations. The approximation of the square root of 2 is four sexagesimal figures, which is about six decimal figures. 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603 = 1.41421296...[1] Numerical analysis is the …
120Normed vector space — In mathematics, with 2 or 3 dimensional vectors with real valued entries, the idea of the length of a vector is intuitive and can easily be extended to any real vector space Rn. The following properties of vector length are crucial. 1. The zero… …
