refining slag
31zinc processing — Introduction preparation of the ore for use in various products. Zinc (Zn) is a metallic element of hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure and a density of 7.13 grams per cubic centimetre. It has only moderate hardness and can …
32Basic oxygen steelmaking — ( BOS, BOF, Linz Donawitz Verfahren, LD converter ) is a method of steelmaking in which carbon rich molten iron is made into steel. The process is an improvement over the historically important Bessemer process. The LD converter is named after… …
33gold processing — Introduction preparation of the ore for use in various products. For thousands of years the word gold has connoted something of beauty or value. These images are derived from two properties of gold, its colour and its chemical stability.… …
34molybdenum processing — Introduction preparation of the ore for use in various products. Molybdenum (Mo) is a white, platinum like metal with a melting point of 2,610° C (4,730° F). In its pure state, it is tough and ductile and is characterized by moderate… …
35Argon Oxygen Decarburization — (AOD) is a process primarily used in stainless steel making and other high grade alloys with oxidizable elements such as chromium, aluminum, etc. After initial melting the metal is then transferred to an AOD vessel where it will be subjected to… …
36coal utilization — Introduction combustion of coal or its conversion into useful solid, gaseous, and liquid products. By far the most important use of coal is in combustion, mainly to provide heat to the boilers of electric power plants. Metallurgical coke… …
37Bloomery — A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. A bloomery s product is a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom . This mix of slag… …
38Pyrometallurgy — is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals.… …
39By-product — A by product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process, a chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway, and is not the primary product or service being produced. A by product can be useful and marketable, or it can… …
40Puddling (metallurgy) — Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and steel. In the original puddling technique, molten iron in a reverberatory furnace was stirred with rods, which were consumed in the process. Later, it was also used to produce a good… …
