reciprocal equation
31Curvilinear coordinates — Curvilinear, affine, and Cartesian coordinates in two dimensional space Curvilinear coordinates are a coordinate system for Euclidean space in which the coordinate lines may be curved. These coordinates may be derived from a set of Cartesian… …
32Reflection high energy electron diffraction — (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization methods that rely also… …
33List of mathematics articles (R) — NOTOC R R. A. Fisher Lectureship Rabdology Rabin automaton Rabin signature algorithm Rabinovich Fabrikant equations Rabinowitsch trick Racah polynomials Racah W coefficient Racetrack (game) Racks and quandles Radar chart Rademacher complexity… …
34Continued fraction — Finite continued fraction, where a0 is an integer, any other ai are positive integers, and n is a non negative integer. In mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a number as the… …
35Geodetic system — For other uses, see Geodetic. Geodesy Fundamentals …
36Gravity model of trade — The gravity model of trade in international economics, similar to other gravity models in social science, predicts bilateral trade flows based on the economic sizes of (often using GDP measurements) and distance between two units. The model was… …
37constant — A quantity that, under stated conditions, does not vary with changes in the environment. association c. 1. in experimental immunology, a mathematical expression of hapten antibody interaction : average association c., K = [hapten bound… …
38Covariance and contravariance of vectors — For other uses of covariant or contravariant , see covariance and contravariance. In multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities… …
39Molecular Hamiltonian — In atomic, molecular, and optical physics as well as in quantum chemistry, molecular Hamiltonian is the name given to the Hamiltonian representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule. This Hermitian operator and the associated… …
40Detailed balance — The principle of detailed balance is formulated for kinetic systems which are decomposed into elementary processes (collisions, or steps, or elementary reactions): At equilibrium, each elementary process should be equilibrated by its reverse… …
