quantized particle
51Aharonov-Bohm effect — The Aharonov Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg Siday Aharonov Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which a charged particle is affected by electromagnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded. Werner… …
52Molecular mechanics — A force field is used to minimize the bond stretching energy of this ethane molecule. Molecular mechanics uses Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. The potential energy of all systems in molecular mechanics is calculated using force… …
53String duality — is a class of symmetries in physics that link different string theories, theories which assume that the fundamental building blocks of the universe are strings instead of point particles. Before the so called duality revolution there were… …
54Quantum gravity — is the field of theoretical physics attempting to unify quantum mechanics, which describes three of the fundamental forces of nature (electromagnetism, weak interaction, and strong interaction), with general relativity, the theory of the fourth… …
55Quantum harmonic oscillator — The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum mechanical analogue of the classical harmonic oscillator. It is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics because an arbitrary potential can be approximated as a harmonic potential …
56Hawking radiation — is a thermal radiation with a black body spectrum predicted to be emitted by black holes due to quantum effects. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974, and sometimes also… …
57Unruh effect — The Unruh effect (or sometimes Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect), was first described by Stephen Fulling in 1973, Paul Davies in 1975 and Bill Unruh in 1976.[1][2][3] It is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe black body radiation …
58Spin quantum number — In atomic physics, the spin quantum number is a quantum number that parameterizes the intrinsic angular momentum (or spin angular momentum, or simply spin) of a given particle. The spin quantum number is the fourth of a set of quantum numbers… …
59Adiabatic invariant — An adiabatic invariant is a property of a physical system which stays constant when changes are made slowly.In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is a change that occurs without heat flow and slowly compared to the time to reach equilibrium. In …
60Georgi–Glashow model — In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model is a particular grand unification theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974. In this model the standard model gauge groups SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) are combined into a single simple… …
