propagation in refractive media
1Refractive index — Refraction of light at the interface between two media. In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum… …
2Velocity of propagation — (VoP) or velocity factor (VF) is a parameter that characterizes the speed at which an electrical signal (e.g. radio) passes through a medium. Expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (or a percentage), it is the ratio of a signal s transmission… …
3telecommunications media — Introduction equipment and systems metal wire, terrestrial and satellite radio, and optical fibre employed in the transmission of electromagnetic signals. Transmission media and the problem of signal degradation Every… …
4Non-line-of-sight propagation — Non line of sight (NLOS) or near line of sight is a term used to describe radio transmission across a path that is partially obstructed, usually by a physical object in the innermost Fresnel zone. Many types of radio transmissions depend, to… …
5Snell's law — In optics and physics, Snell s law (also known as Descartes law, the Snell–Descartes law, and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other… …
6Transformation optics — Electromagnetism Electricity · …
7Atmospheric duct — Fata Morgana of Farallon Islands with clearly seen duct In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals (and light rays) (a) are… …
8Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) — An overview of electromagnetic radiation absorption. This example discusses the general principle using visible light as specific example. A white beam source emitting light of multiple wavelengths is focused on a sample (the complementary color… …
9Anisotropy — (pronounced with stress on the third syllable, IPAEng|ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi) is the property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy, which means homogeneity in all directions. It can be defined as a difference in a physical property… …
10Metamaterial antenna — This Z antenna tested at the National Institute of Standards and Technology is smaller than a standard antenna with comparable properties. Its high efficiency is derived from the Z element inside the square that acts as a metamaterial, greatly… …
