polarization state for field vector
41Ellipsometry — is a versatile and powerful optical technique for the investigation of the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. It has applications in many different fields, from semiconductor physics to… …
42Jaynes-Cummings model — The Jaynes Cummings model (JCM) is a theoretical model in quantum optics. It describes the system of a two level atom interacting with a quantized mode of an optical cavity, with or without the presence of light. The JCM is of great interest in… …
43Optical amplifier — An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal. An optical amplifier may be thought of as a laser without an optical cavity, or one in which feedback from… …
44Technicolor (physics) — Beyond the Standard Model Standard Model …
45Quantum amplifier — In physics, the term quantum amplifier may refer to any device, which use some non classical (quantum) effects for amplification of signal. In this sense, the active element of an optical laser can be considered as quantum amplifier.The weak… …
46Lorentz force — This article is about the equation governing the electromagnetic force. For a qualitative overview of the electromagnetic force, see Electromagnetism. For magnetic force of one magnet on another, see force between magnets. Electromagnetism …
47Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) — In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. The idea is to start with a simple system for which a …
48Computational electromagnetics — Computational electromagnetics, computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment. It typically involves using computationally… …
49Wave–particle duality — Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle …
50Surface plasmon — Surface plasmons, also referred to in the literature as surface plasma polaritons, are fluctuations in the electron density at the boundary of two materials. Plasmons are the collective vibrations of an electron gas (or plasma) surrounding the… …
