planar thickness
81Acoustic microscopy — Introduction = Acoustic microscopes employ very high or ultra high frequency ultrasound. These microscopes operate nondestructively and penetrate most solid materials to make visible images of internal features, including defects such as cracks,… …
82Photonic metamaterial — Electromagnetism Electricity · …
83Space elevator — A space elevator for Earth would consist of a cable anchored to the Earth s equator, reaching into space. By attaching a counterweight at the end (or by further extending the cable upward for the same purpose), the center of mass is kept well… …
84Holography — (from the Greek, ὅλος hólos whole + γραφή grafē writing, drawing) is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the… …
85Čerenkov radiation — (also spelled Cerenkov or Cherenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through an insulator at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium. The characteristic blue glow of nuclear …
86Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser — The vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL; [v ɪxl] ) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge emitting semiconductor lasers (also in plane lasers)… …
87Quantum well — A quantum well is a potential well with only discrete energy values. One technology to create quantization is to confine particles, which were originally free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a planar region …
88Heterojunction — A heterojunction is the interface that occurs between two layers or regions of dissimilar crystalline semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a homojunction. It is often advantageous to engineer the… …
89Fracture mechanics — Continuum mechanics …
90Dike (geology) — Banded gneiss with dike of granite orthogneiss. An intrusion (Notch Peak monzonite) inter fingers (partly as a dike …
