perturbation of energy-level system
91Self-organization — is a process of attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a system, normally an open system, increases in complexity without being guided or managed by an outside source. Self organizing systems typically (though not always)… …
92Resonance Raman spectroscopy — Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is a specialized implementation of the more general Raman spectroscopy. Overview As in Raman spectroscopy, RR spectroscopy provides information about the vibrations of molecules, and can also be used for… …
93Scanning tunneling spectroscopy — (STS) is a powerful experimental technique in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that uses a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to probe the local density of electronic states (LDOS) and band gap of surfaces and materials on surfaces at the… …
94Composite fermion — For other uses, see Fermions#Composite fermions. A composite fermion is the bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of… …
95Magnetic field — This article is about a scientific description of the magnetic influence of an electric current or magnetic material. For the physics of magnetic materials, see magnetism. For information about objects that create magnetic fields, see magnet. For …
96Nuclear magnetic resonance — This article is about the physical phenomenon. For its use as a method in spectroscopy, see Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR redirects here. For other uses, see NMR (disambiguation). First 1 GHz NMR Spectrometer (1000 MHz,… …
97Crystal oscillator — A miniature 4 MHz quartz crystal enclosed in a hermetically sealed HC 49/US package, used as the resonator in a crystal oscillator. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal …
98Physical cosmology — This article is about the physics subject. For other uses, see Cosmology. Physical cosmology …
99Rayleigh–Bénard convection — Bénard cells. Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a type of natural convection, occurring in a plane of fluid heated from below, in which the fluid develops a regular pattern of convection cells known as Bénard cells. Rayleigh–Bénard convection is one… …
100Bénard cells — are convection cells that appear spontaneously in a liquid layer when heat is applied from below. They can be obtained using a simple experiment first conducted by Henri Bénard, a French physicist, in 1900. The experiment illustrates the theory… …
