perturbation of energy-level system
61Radiative forcing — In climate science, radiative forcing is generally defined as the change in net irradiance between different layers of the atmosphere. Typically, radiative forcing is quantified at the tropopause in units of watts per square meter. A positive… …
62Climate commitment — describes the fact that climate reacts with a delay to influencing factors ( climate forcings ) such as the presence of greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to assess the amount of future warming that is committed under the… …
63Quantum chromodynamics — Standard model of particle physics Standard Model …
64Quartz crystal microbalance — A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measures a mass per unit area by measuring the change in frequency of a quartz crystal resonator. The resonance is disturbed by the addition or removal of a small mass due to oxide growth/decay or film… …
65Self-creation cosmology — (SCC) theories are gravitational theories in which the mass of the universe is created out of its self contained gravitational and scalar fields, as opposed to the theory of continuous creation cosmology or the steady state theory which depend on …
66Polymer field theory — A polymer field theory within the framework of statistical mechanics is a statistical field theory, describing the statistical behavior of a neutral or charged polymer system within the field theoretic approach.It can be derived by transforming… …
67Light pollution — This article is about light pollution in the visible spectrum. For information on pollution in the radio spectrum, see radio spectrum pollution. This time exposure photo of New York City at night shows skyglow, one form of light pollution …
68Adiabatic theorem — The adiabatic theorem is an important concept in quantum mechanics. Its original form, due to Max Born and Vladimir Fock (1928),cite journal |author=M. Born and V. A. Fock |title=Beweis des Adiabatensatzes |journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A… …
69Attribution of recent climate change — Further information: Global warming, Climate change, and Climate change denial Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth s climate …
70Monte Carlo methods for electron transport — The Monte Carlo method for electron transport is a semiclassical Monte Carlo(MC) approach of modeling semiconductor transport. Assuming the carrier motion consists of free flights interrupted by scattering mechanisms, a computer is utilized to… …
