perturbation of energy-level system
31Rabi frequency — The Rabi frequency for a given atomic transition in a given light field gives the strength of the coupling between the light and the transition. Rabi flopping between the levels of a 2 level system illuminated with resonant light, will occur at… …
32physical science, principles of — Introduction the procedures and concepts employed by those who study the inorganic world. physical science, like all the natural sciences, is concerned with describing and relating to one another those experiences of the surrounding… …
33Jupiter — /jooh pi teuhr/, n. 1. Also called Jove. the supreme deity of the ancient Romans: the god of the heavens and of weather. Cf. Zeus. 2. Astron. the planet fifth in order from the sun, having an equatorial diameter of 88,729 mi. (142,796 km), a mean …
34Positive feedback — Alarm or panic can spread by positive feedback among a herd of animals to cause a stampede. Positive feedback is energy taken from the output of a system and reapplied to the input, which is phase congruent with the input signal. A system… …
35Coupled cluster — Electronic structure methods Tight binding Nearly free electron model Hartree–Fock method Modern valence bond Generalized valence bond Møller–Plesset perturbation theory …
36X-ray astronomy — X rays start at 0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to 8 nm, over which the Earth s atmosphere is opaque. X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray observation and detection… …
37Cosmic microwave background radiation — CMB and Cosmic background radiation redirect here. For other uses see CMB (disambiguation) and Cosmic background (disambiguation). Physical cosmology …
38Force — For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). See also: Forcing (disambiguation) Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate …
39String theory — This article is about the branch of theoretical physics. For other uses, see String theory (disambiguation). String theory …
40continental landform — ▪ geology Introduction any conspicuous topographic feature on the largest land areas of the Earth. Familiar examples are mountains (including volcanic (volcanism) cones), plateaus, and valleys. (The term landform also can be applied to… …
