p-adic expansion
41Schrödinger equation — For a more general introduction to the topic, please see Introduction to quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics …
42Power series — In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form:f(x) = sum {n=0}^infty a n left( x c ight)^n = a 0 + a 1 (x c)^1 + a 2 (x c)^2 + a 3 (x c)^3 + cdotswhere an represents the coefficient of the n th term, c is a… …
43Bernoulli process — In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli processis a discrete time stochastic process consisting ofa sequence of independent random variables taking values over two symbols. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is coin flipping, possibly with an… …
44Partition (number theory) — Young diagrams associated to the partitions of the positive integers 1 through 8. They are so arranged that images under the reflection about the main diagonal of the square are conjugate partitions. In number theory and combinatorics, a… …
45Difference operator — In mathematics, a difference operator maps a function, f ( x ), to another function, f ( x + a ) − f ( x + b ).The forward difference operator :Delta f(x)=f(x+1) f(x),occurs frequently in the calculus of finite differences, where it plays a role… …
46L-function — The theory of L functions has become a very substantial, and still largely conjectural, part of contemporary number theory. In it, broad generalisations of the Riemann zeta function and the L series for a Dirichlet character are constructed, and… …
47Orbifold — This terminology should not be blamed on me. It was obtained by a democratic process in my course of 1976 77. An orbifold is something with many folds; unfortunately, the word “manifold” already has a different definition. I tried “foldamani”,… …
48Ramification — In mathematics, ramification is a geometric term used for branching out , in the way that the square root function, for complex numbers, can be seen to have two branches differing in sign. It is also used from the opposite perspective (branches… …
49Newton polygon — In mathematics, the Newton polygon is a tool for understanding the behaviour of polynomials over local fields. In the original case, the local field of interest was the field of formal Laurent series in the indeterminate X, i.e. the field of… …
50Split-complex number — A portion of the split complex number plane showing subsets with modulus zero (red), one (blue), and minus one (green). In abstract algebra, the split complex numbers (or hyperbolic numbers) are a two dimensional commutative algebra over the real …
