number-theoretic formula
81Many-worlds interpretation — The quantum mechanical Schrödinger s cat paradox according to the many worlds interpretation. In this interpretation every event is a branch point; the cat is both alive and dead, even before the box is opened, but the alive and dead cats are in… …
82Gödel's incompleteness theorems — In mathematical logic, Gödel s incompleteness theorems, proved by Kurt Gödel in 1931, are two theorems stating inherent limitations of all but the most trivial formal systems for arithmetic of mathematical interest. The theorems are of… …
83Finitary relation — This article sets out the set theoretic notion of relation. For a more elementary point of view, see Binary relation. For a combinatorial viewpoint, see Theory of relations. For other uses, see Relation (disambiguation). In set theory and logic,… …
84Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces — In mathematics, the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces describes the dimension of linear systems on an algebraic surface. The classical form of it was first given by Castelnuovo (1896, 1897), after preliminary versions of it were found by… …
85formal logic — the branch of logic concerned exclusively with the principles of deductive reasoning and with the form rather than the content of propositions. [1855 60] * * * Introduction the abstract study of propositions, statements, or assertively used …
86Logical connective — This article is about connectives in classical logic. For connectors in natural languages, see discourse connective. For connectives and operators in other logics, see logical constant. For other logical symbols, see table of logic symbols. In… …
87Exponentiation — Exponent redirects here. For other uses, see Exponent (disambiguation). Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as an, involving two numbers, the base a and the exponent (or power) n. When n is a positive integer, exponentiation… …
88Emmy Noether — Amalie Emmy Noether Born 23 March 1882(1882 03 23) …
89Root of unity — The 5th roots of unity in the complex plane In mathematics, a root of unity, or de Moivre number, is any complex number that equals 1 when raised to some integer power n. Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially …
90Kloosterman sum — In mathematics, a Kloosterman sum is a particular kind of exponential sum. Let a , b , m be natural numbers. Then :K(a,b;m)=sum {0leq xleq m 1, gcd(x,m)=1 } e^{2pi i (ax+bx^*)/m},Here x* is the inverse of x modulo m . They are named for the Dutch …
