nonnegative
91Information theory and measure theory — Measures in information theory = Many of the formulas in information theory have separate versions for continuous and discrete cases, i.e. integrals for the continuous case and sums for the discrete case. These versions can often be generalized… …
92Lagrangian relaxation — In the field of mathematical optimization, Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method which approximates a difficult problem of constrained optimization by a simpler problem. A solution to the relaxed problem is an approximate solution to the… …
93Okishio's theorem — is a mathematical theorem formulated by Japanese economist Nobuo Okishio. It has had a major impact on debates about Marx s theory of value. Intuitively, it can be understood as saying that if one capitalist raises his profits by introducing a… …
94Wigner D-matrix — The Wigner D matrix is a matrix in an irreducible representation of the groups SU(2) and SO(3). The complex conjugate of the D matrix is an eigenfunction of the Hamiltonian of spherical and symmetric rigid rotors. Definition Wigner D matrix Let j …
95Negative probability — In 1942, Paul Dirac wrote a paper The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics [1] where he introduced the concept of negative energies and negative probabilities: Negative energies and probabilities should not be considered as nonsense. They …
96Copositive matrix — In mathematics, specifically linear algebra, a real matrix A is copositive if for every nonnegative vector . The collection of all copositive matrices is a proper cone; it includes as a subset the collection of real positive definite matrices.… …
97Spin representation — In mathematics, the spin representations are particular projective representations of the orthogonal or special orthogonal groups in arbitrary dimension and signature (i.e., including indefinite orthogonal groups). More precisely, they are… …
98Examples of generating functions — The following examples are in the spirit of George Pólya, who advocated learning mathematics by doing and re capitulating as many examples and proofs as possible. The purpose of this article is to present common tricks of the trade in context, so …
99Riemannian Penrose inequality — In mathematical general relativity, the Penrose inequality, first conjectured by Sir Roger Penrose, estimates the mass of a spacetime in terms of the total area of its black holes and is a generalization of the positive mass theorem. The… …
100Price of anarchy — The price of anarchy is a concept from game theory that describes the difference in maximum social utility and the utility of an equilibrium point of the game.DefinitionGiven a game G=(N,A,u), it is natural to consider the social welfare , i.e.… …
