nonlinear parameters
51Negative index metamaterials — A negative index metamaterial causes light to refract, or bend, differently than in more common positive refractive index materials. Negative index metamaterials or negative index materials (NIM) are artificial structures where the refractive… …
52Minimum message length — (MML) is a formal information theory restatement of Occam s Razor: even when models are not equal in goodness of fit accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the shortest overall message is more likely to be correct (where the message… …
53Generative topographic map — (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self organizing map (SOM), is provably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed …
54Airy wave theory — In fluid dynamics, Airy wave theory (often referred to as linear wave theory) gives a linearised description of the propagation of gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. The theory assumes that the fluid layer has a uniform… …
55SPICE — (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a general purpose analog electronic circuit simulator.It is a powerful program that is used in IC and board level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict circuit… …
56Confidence region — In statistics, a confidence region is a multi dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. It is a set of points in an n dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem,… …
57Nondimensionalization — is the partial or full removal of units from an equation involving physical quantities by a suitable substitution of variables. This technique can simplify and parameterize problems where measured units are involved. It is closely related to… …
58Neural network — For other uses, see Neural network (disambiguation). Simplified view of a feedforward artificial neural network The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.[1] The modern usage of the term …
59Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics — A computer generated, simplified model of bike and rider demonstrating an uncontrolled right turn. An …
60Software tools for molecular microscopy — There are a large number of software tools or software applications that have been specifically developed for the field sometimes referred to as molecular microscopy or cryo electron microscopy or cryoEM. Several special issues of the Journal of… …
