natural integer
41Collatz conjecture — Directed graph showing the orbits of small numbers under the Collatz map. The Collatz conjecture is equivalent to the statement that all paths eventually lead to 1 …
42List of first-order theories — In mathematical logic, a first order theory is given by a set of axioms in somelanguage. This entry lists some of the more common examples used in model theory and some of their properties. PreliminariesFor every natural mathematical structure… …
43P versus NP problem — Unsolved problems in computer science Is P = NP ? …
44number game — Introduction any of various puzzles and games that involve aspects of mathematics. Mathematical recreations comprise puzzles and games that vary from naive amusements to sophisticated problems, some of which have never been solved.… …
45Arithmetic function — In number theory, an arithmetic (or arithmetical) function is a real or complex valued function ƒ(n) defined on the set of natural numbers (i.e. positive integers) that expresses some arithmetical property of n. [1] An example of an arithmetic… …
46Infinite descent — In mathematics, a proof by infinite descent is a particular kind of proof by contradiction which relies on the fact that the natural numbers are well ordered. One typical application is to show that a given equation has no solutions. Assuming a… …
47Pitch class — Perfect octave  Play (help· …
48analysis — /euh nal euh sis/, n., pl. analyses / seez /. 1. the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements (opposed to synthesis). 2. this process as a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its… …
49p-adic number — In mathematics, and chiefly number theory, the p adic number system for any prime number p extends the ordinary arithmetic of the rational numbers in a way different from the extension of the rational number system to the real and complex number… …
50arithmetic — arithmetically, adv. n. /euh rith meuh tik/; adj. /ar ith met ik/, n. 1. the method or process of computation with figures: the most elementary branch of mathematics. 2. Also called higher arithmetic, theoretical arithmetic. the theory of… …
