modulated light beam
51Vacuum tube — This article is about the electronic device. For experiments in an evacuated pipe, see free fall. For the transport system, see pneumatic tube. Modern vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North… …
52Diode-pumped solid-state laser — A frequency doubled green laser pointer, showing internal construction. Cells and electronics lead to a laser head module (see lower diagram) This contains a powerful 808 nm IR diode laser that pumps a Nd:YVO4 laser crystal, that in turn outputs… …
53Opto-isolator — This article is about the electronic component. For the optical component, see optical isolator. Schematic diagram of an opto isolator showing source of light (LED) on the left, dielectric barrier in the center, and sensor (phototransistor) on… …
54Global Positioning System — GPS redirects here. For other uses, see GPS (disambiguation). Geodesy Fundamentals …
55Laser Doppler Vibrometer — A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) is a scientific instrument that is used to make non contact vibration measurements of a surface. The laser beam from the LDV is directed at the surface of interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are… …
56Doppler radar — Doppler effect A Doppler radar is a specialized radar that makes use of the Doppler effect to produce velocity data about objects at a distance. It does this by beaming a microwave signal towards a desired target and listening for its reflection …
57Optical axis gratings — (OAGs) are gratings of optical axis of a birefringent material. In OAGs, the birefringence of the material is constant, while the direction of optical axis is periodically modulated in a fixed direction. In this way they are different from the… …
58Modulating retro-reflector — A modulating retro reflector (MRR) system combines an optical retro reflector and an optical modulator to allow optical communications[1] and sometimes other functions such as programmable signage.[2] Free space optical communication technology… …
59mass spectrometry — or mass spectroscopy Analytic technique by which chemical substances are identified by sorting gaseous ions by mass using electric and magnetic fields. A mass spectrometer uses electrical means to detect the sorted ions, while a mass spectrograph …
60Physical Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Scientists discovered a new family of superconducting materials and obtained unique images of individual hydrogen atoms and of a multiple exoplanet system. Europe completed the Large Hadron Collider, and China and India took… …
