membrane of the stapes
11Ear — The ear is the sense organ that detects sounds. The vertebrate ear shows a common biology from fish to humans, with variations in structure according to order and species. It not only acts as a receiver for sound, but plays a major role in the… …
12Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles — The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles is one of the most well documented[1] and important evolutionary events, demonstrating both numerous transitional forms as well as an excellent example of exaptation, the re purposing of existing… …
13incus — The middle of the three ossicles in the middle ear; it has a body and two limbs or processes (long crus of i. and short crus of i.); at the tip of the long crus is a small knob, the lenticular process, which articulates with the head of the st …
14Neuronal encoding of sound — The neuronal encoding of sound is the representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system. This article explores the basic physiological principles of sound perception, and traces hearing mechanisms from sound as pressure… …
15Auditory system — The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. Ear Outer ear The folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal are called the pinna. Sound waves are reflected and attenuated when they hit the pinna, and these changes provide… …
16Human skeleton — The human skeleton consists of both fused and individual bones supported and supplemented by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It serves as a scaffold which supports organs, anchors muscles, and protects organs such as the brain, lungs… …
17Acoustic reflex — The acoustic reflex (stapedius reflex, attenuation reflex, or auditory reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to high intensity sound stimuli.When presented with a high intensity sound… …
18sound reception — Introduction response of an organism s aural mechanism, the ear, to a specific form of energy change, or sound waves. Sound waves can be transmitted through gases, liquids, or solids, but the hearing function of each species is particularly …
19ear disease — ▪ human Introduction any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human ear and hearing. Impaired hearing (deafness) is, with rare exception, the result of disease or abnormality of the outer, middle, or inner ear. Serious… …
20Middle ear — Malleus Tensor Tympani Incus Stapedius …
