macroscopic electromagnetic field
51Scattering — is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In… …
52Ginzburg–Landau theory — In physics, Ginzburg–Landau theory is a mathematical theory used to model superconductivity. It does not purport to explain the microscopic mechanisms giving rise to superconductivity. Instead, it examines the macroscopic properties of a… …
53Absolute zero — For other uses, see Absolute Zero (disambiguation). Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which entropy reaches its minimum value. The laws of thermodynamics state that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means. A… …
54String theory — This article is about the branch of theoretical physics. For other uses, see String theory (disambiguation). String theory …
55Plasma diagnostics — are experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma such as temperature and density. Langmuir probe Measurements with electric probes, called Langmuir probes, are the oldest and most often used procedures for low temperature… …
56Electrostatic deflection — refers to a technique for modifying the path of a stream of charged particles by the use of an electric field applied transverse to the path of the particles.The Lorentz force acts on any charged particle in an electromagnetic field.… …
57G. V. Skrotskii — G.V. Skrotskii was a Russian physicist.Skrotskii realized that electromagnetic field equations in a curved spacetime can be written in a non covariant form formally equivalent to Maxwell s equations in a macroscopic medium in flat… …
58List of unsolved problems in physics — This is a list of some of the major unsolved problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining a certain observed phenomenon or experimental result. The others are… …
59Josephson effect — Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt The Josephson effect is the phenomenon of supercurrent (i.e. a current that flows indefinitely long without any voltage applied) across two superconductors coupled by a weak link …
60Force — For other uses, see Force (disambiguation). See also: Forcing (disambiguation) Forces are also described as a push or pull on an object. They can be due to phenomena such as gravity, magnetism, or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate …
