logical counterexample
41Game theory — is a branch of applied mathematics that is used in the social sciences (most notably economics), biology, engineering, political science, computer science (mainly for artificial intelligence), and philosophy. Game theory attempts to… …
42Giuseppe Peano — Infobox Scientist name = Giuseppe Peano image width = 220px birth date = birth date|1858|8|27 birth place = Spinetta, Piedmont, Italy death date = death date and age|1932|4|20|1858|8|27 residence = Italy citizenship = Italian field = Mathematics… …
43Experiment — Experimental redirects here. For the musical classification, see Experimental music. For other uses, see Experiment (disambiguation). Even very young children perform rudimentary experiments in order to learn about the world. An experiment is a… …
44Hilbert's second problem — In mathematics, Hilbert s second problem was posed by David Hilbert in 1900 as one of his 23 problems. It asks for a proof that arithmetic of real numbers is consistent.In the 1930s, Kurt Gödel and Gerhard Gentzen proved results that cast new… …
45Quasi-empirical method — Quasi empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics. The term empirical methods refers to experiment, disclosure of apparatus for reproduction of experiments, and other ways in which science is validated by scientists. Empirical… …
46List of basic discrete mathematics topics — Discrete mathematics, also called finite mathematics, is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally , in the sense of not supporting or requiring the notion of continuity. Most, if not all, of the objects studied in finite… …
47Dumbing down — is a pejorative term for a perceived trend to lower the intellectual content of literature, education, news, and other aspects of culture. According to John Algeo, former editor of American Speech, the neologism dumb down meaning revise so as to… …
48Paradox of entailment — The paradox of entailment is an apparent paradox derived from the principle of explosion, a law of classical logic stating that inconsistent premises always make an argument valid; that is, inconsistent premises imply any conclusion at all. This… …
49Darwin on Trial —   …
50Testability — Testability, a property applying to an empirical hypothesis, involves two components: (1) the logical property that is variously described as contingency, defeasibility, or falsifiability, which means that counterexamples to the hypothesis are… …
