least squares trend
41Optimal design — This article is about the topic in the design of experiments. For the topic in optimal control theory, see shape optimization. Gustav Elfving developed the optimal design of experiments, and so minimized surveyors need for theodolite measurements …
42Sinusoidal model — In statistics, signal processing, and time series analysis, a sinusoidal model to approximate a sequence Yi is::Y i = C + alphasin(omega T i + phi) + E i where C is constant defining a mean level, α is an amplitude for the sine wave, ω is the… …
43Covariate — In statistics, a covariate is a variable that is possibly predictive of the outcome under study. A covariate may be of direct interest or it may be a confounding or interacting variable. The alternative terms explanatory variable, independent… …
44Detrended fluctuation analysis — In stochastic processes, chaos theory and time series analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a method for determining the statistical self affinity of a signal. It is useful for analysing time series that appear to be long memory… …
45Cross-validation (statistics) — Cross validation, sometimes called rotation estimation,[1][2][3] is a technique for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set. It is mainly used in settings where the goal is prediction, and… …
46Minimum wage — A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily or monthly remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers. Equivalently, it is the lowest wage at which workers may sell their labour. Although minimum wage laws are in effect in a great many… …
47Multivariate analysis of variance — (MANOVA) is a generalized form of univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is used when there are two or more dependent variables. It helps to answer : 1. do changes in the independent variable(s) have significant effects on the dependent …
48Exponential smoothing — is a technique that can be applied to time series data, either to produce smoothed data for presentation, or to make forecasts. The time series data themselves are a sequence of observations. The observed phenomenon may be an essentially random… …
49Randomized block design — In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another. Typically, a blocking factor is a source of variability that is not of primary interest to …
50Randomized controlled trial — Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 Statement[1] …
