lagrange multiplier method
21Q-ball — For the ball used in billiards, see cue ball. Q ball is also the name of the Q sensor module in the Apollo spacecraft launch escape system. In theoretical physics, Q ball refers to a type ofnon topological soliton.A soliton is a localized field… …
22DIIS — (direct inversion in the iterative subspace or direct inversion of the iterative subspace), also known as Pulay mixing, is an extrapolation technique. DIIS was developed by Peter Pulay in the field of computational quantum chemistry with the… …
23Alternatives to general relativity — are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomena of gravitation in competition to Einstein s theory of general relativity.There have been many different attempts at constructing an ideal theory of gravity. These attempts can be split… …
24Optimization (mathematics) — In mathematics, the term optimization, or mathematical programming, refers to the study of problems in which one seeks to minimize or maximize a real function by systematically choosing the values of real or integer variables from within an… …
25Ising model — The Ising model, named after the physicist Ernst Ising, is a mathematical model in statistical mechanics. It has since been used to model diverse phenomena in which bits of information, interacting in pairs, produce collectiveeffects.Definition… …
26BRST quantization — In theoretical physics, BRST quantization (where the BRST refers to Becchi, Rouet, Stora and Tyutin) is a relatively rigorous mathematical approach to quantizing a field theory with a gauge symmetry. Quantization rules in earlier QFT frameworks… …
27Claude Lemaréchal — is a French applied mathematician. In mathematical optimization, Claude Lemaréchal is known for his work in numerical methods for nonlinear optimization, especially for problems with nondifferentiable kinks. Lemaréchal and Phil. Wolfe pioneered… …
28Emissions trading — (or emission trading) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. It is sometimes called cap and trade.A central authority (usually a government …
29Rayleigh quotient — In mathematics, for a given complex Hermitian matrix A and nonzero vector x, the Rayleigh quotient R(A, x) is defined as::{x^{*} A x over x^{*} x}For real matrices and vectors, the condition of being Hermitian reduces to that of being symmetric,… …
30Exponential family — Not to be confused with the exponential distribution. Natural parameter links here. For the usage of this term in differential geometry, see differential geometry of curves. In probability and statistics, an exponential family is an important… …
