ionization state
51chemical compound — Introduction any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms (atom) of two or more chemical elements (chemical element). All the matter in the universe is composed of the atoms of more than 100 different chemical elements …
52Electronegativity — This electrostatic potential map shows how the oxygen atom has a more negative charge than the hydrogen atoms. Electronegativity, symbol χ (the Greek letter chi), is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group …
53History of mass spectrometry — The history of mass spectrometry dates back more than one hundred years and has its roots in physical and chemical studies regarding the nature of matter. The study of gas discharges in the mid 19th century led to the discovery of anode and… …
54star — starless, adj. /stahr/, n., adj., v., starred, starring. n. 1. any of the heavenly bodies, except the moon, appearing as fixed luminous points in the sky at night. 2. Astron. any of the large, self luminous, heavenly bodies, as the sun, Polaris,… …
55Auger electron spectroscopy — (AES; Auger pronounced|oːʒeː in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science. Underlying the spectroscopic technique is the Auger effect, as it has come… …
56Implicit solvation — (sometimes known as continuum solvation) is a method of representing solvent as a continuous medium instead of individual “explicit” solvent molecules most often used in molecular dynamics simulations and in other applications of molecular… …
57Dihydrogen cation — The hydrogen molecular ion, dihydrogen cation, or H2+, is the simplest molecular ion. It is composed of two positively charged protons and one negatively charged electron, and can be formed from ionization of a neutral hydrogen molecule. It is of …
58Field electron emission — It is requested that a diagram or diagrams be included in this article to improve its quality. For more information, refer to discussion on this page and/or the listing at Wikipedia:Requested images. Field emission (FE) (also known as field… …
59Коптюг — Коптюг, Валентин Афанасьевич Валентин Афанасьевич Коптюг Дата рождения: 9 июня 1931(1931 06 09) Место рождения: Юхнов, Западная область, СССР Дата смерти: 10 января 1997 …
60Periodic table — This article is about the periodic table of the elements . For other uses, see The Periodic Table. The periodic table of the chemical elements (also known as the periodic table or periodic table of the elements) is a tabular display of the 118… …
