invariant meaning
41Gelfand pair — In mathematics, the expression Gelfand pair refers to a pair ( G , K ) consisting of a group G and a subgroup K that satisfies a certain property on restricted representations.When G is a finite group the simplest definition is, roughly speaking …
42BRST quantization — In theoretical physics, BRST quantization (where the BRST refers to Becchi, Rouet, Stora and Tyutin) is a relatively rigorous mathematical approach to quantizing a field theory with a gauge symmetry. Quantization rules in earlier QFT frameworks… …
43Modal verb — A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.[1]:p.33 The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality is… …
44Differential geometry of surfaces — Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1828 In mathematics, the differential geometry of surfaces deals with smooth surfaces with various additional structures, most often, a Riemannian metric. Surfaces have been extensively studied from various perspectives:… …
45Chinese writing — Introduction basically logographic writing system, one of the world s great writing systems. Like Semitic writing in the West, Chinese script was fundamental to the writing systems in the East. Until relatively recently, Chinese… …
46Phenomenology (The beginnings of) — The beginnings of phenomenology Husserl and his predecessors Richard Cobb Stevens Edmund Husserl was the founder of phenomenology, one of the principal movements of twentieth century philosophy. His principal contribution to philosophy was his… …
47Momentum — This article is about momentum in physics. For other uses, see Momentum (disambiguation). Classical mechanics Newton s Second Law …
48Cellular neural network — Cellular neural networks (CNN) are a parallel computing paradigm similar to neural networks, with the difference that communication is allowed between neighbouring units only. Typical applications include image processing, analyzing 3D surfaces,… …
49Criticism of non-standard analysis — Non standard analysis and its offshoot, non standard calculus, have been criticized by several authors. The evaluation of non standard analysis in the literature has varied greatly. Joseph Dauben described it as a scientific revolution, while… …
50Kazhdan's property (T) — In mathematics, a locally compact topological group G has property (T) if the trivial representation is an isolated point in its unitary dual equipped with the Fell topology. Informally, this means that if G acts unitarily on a Hilbert space and… …
