infinite-source model
111Percolation theory — In mathematics, percolation theory describes the behavior of connected clusters in a random graph. The applications of percolation theory to materials science and other domains are discussed in the article percolation.IntroductionA representative …
112Random walk — A random walk, sometimes denoted RW, is a mathematical formalization of a trajectory that consists of taking successive random steps. The results of random walk analysis have been applied to computer science, physics, ecology, economics and a… …
113Shading — refers to depth in 3D models or illustrations by varying levels of darkness.DrawingShading is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for darker areas, and less… …
114Perspective (graphical) — Part of a series on …
115Airmass — For air mass in meteorology, see air mass .In astronomy, airmass is the optical path length through Earth s atmosphere for light from a celestial source.As it passes through the atmosphere, light isattenuated by scattering and absorption; the… …
116United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… …
117Mathematical optimization — For other uses, see Optimization (disambiguation). The maximum of a paraboloid (red dot) In mathematics, computational science, or management science, mathematical optimization (alternatively, optimization or mathematical programming) refers to… …
118Aristotle the philosopher of nature — David Furley 1 THE TREATISES ON NATURE The subject matter of the present chapter is what Aristotle has to say about the natural world the subject that in classical Greek is most accurately rendered as ta physika. But of course this includes many… …
119Kabbalah — This article is about traditional Jewish Kabbalah. For other Kabbalistic traditions see Christian Cabbalah, Hermetic Qabalah, and Practical Kabbalah Part of a series on …
120Quantum field theory — In quantum field theory (QFT) the forces between particles are mediated by other particles. For instance, the electromagnetic force between two electrons is caused by an exchange of photons. But quantum field theory applies to all fundamental… …
