hostile in attitude
111Roman Catholicism — the faith, practice, and system of government of the Roman Catholic Church. [1815 25] * * * Largest single Christian denomination in the world, with some one billion members, or about 18% of the world s population. The Roman Catholic church has… …
112Islamic arts — Visual, literary, and performing arts of the populations that adopted Islam from the 7th century. Islamic visual arts are decorative, colourful, and, in religious art, nonrepresentational; the characteristic Islamic decoration is the arabesque.… …
113biblical literature — Introduction four bodies of written works: the Old Testament writings according to the Hebrew canon; intertestamental works, including the Old Testament Apocrypha; the New Testament writings; and the New Testament Apocrypha. The Old… …
114ALLEMAGNE - Allemagne médiévale — Plus de six siècles séparent la Germanie héritée des Carolingiens de cette «fédération de princes» qu’est l’Allemagne de la Réforme. L’histoire de cette longue période offre le contraste entre une politique vainement hantée par l’idée d’empire et …
115SOCIALISME - Mouvement communiste et question nationale — C’est en Europe centrale que le problème national s’est posé avec le plus d’acuité au mouvement ouvrier et marxiste au XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. S’il est au centre des débats à l’issue de la révolution de 1905, qui fut le théâtre privilégié …
116APOSTASY — APOSTASY, term applied by members of the deserted faith for the change of one faith, set of loyalties, and worship for another. The conception of apostasy could not arise in the atmosphere of polytheism practiced in antiquity before the advent of …
117MODERN TIMES – TO 1880 — introduction dawn of the enlightenment influence of mercantilist absolutism on jewish status arguments for toleration moses mendelssohn egalitarianism and emancipation in the u.s. the french revolution napoleon bonaparte and the french sanhedrin… …
118SOCIALISM — Introduction The words socialism and socialist were first used about the year 1830 but the origin of the ideas which led to the establishment of the modern labor movement goes back to the time of the French Revolution. For a variety of reasons… …
119UNITED STATES LITERATURE — The Influence of the Bible and Hebrew Culture The Jewish influence on American literary expression predated the actual arrival of Jews in the United States in 1654, for the Puritan culture of New England was marked from the outset by a deep… …
120Kirchenkampf — Par Kirchenkampf, pris au sens strict, l’on désigne le conflit qui opposa en Allemagne, entre 1933 et le début de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale en 1939, d’une part les chrétiens évangéliques allemands appartenant à la Bekennende Kirche… …
