halutz
81BALTA — BALTA, city in Odessa district, Ukraine. At the beginning of the 16th century, when Balta lay on the border between Poland and Turkey, there were Jews living in both sectors of the city (in the Józefgrod quarter on the Polish side). Many of the… …
82BEN-GURION (Gruen), DAVID — (1886–1973), Zionist leader, Israeli statesman, first prime minister and defense minister of Israel; member of the First to Eighth Knessets. Early Years Ben Gurion was born in Plonsk (then in Russian Poland). His father, Avigdor Gruen, was a… …
83COMMUNISM — COMMUNISM, the international revolutionary Marxist movement that evolved under lenin s leadership from the Bolshevik faction (created in 1903 in the Russian Social Democratic Party) to become the ruling party of Russia after the October… …
84CZECHOSLOVAKIA — CZECHOSLOVAKIA, republic in Central Europe. Founded in 1918, it united within its political framework the Jewries of the historic countries (bohemia , moravia , and part of silesia ), connected with the hapsburg Empire from 1526 and under its… …
85DOBKIN, ELIYAHU — (1898–1976), Labor Zionist leader. Dobkin, who was born in Bobruisk, Belorussia, was a founder of the Zionist student organization, He Ḥaver, in 1914 in Kharkov. He became general secretary of the …
86GALICIA — (Pol. Galicia; Ger. Galizien; Rus. Galitsiya), geographical political region of E. Europe, in S.E. Poland and N.W. Ukraine, extending northward from the Carpathians into the Vistula Valley to the San River. After numerous changes in the Middle… …
87HA-SHOMER HA-ẒA'IR — HA SHOMER HA ẒA IR, Zionist socialist pioneering youth movement whose aim is to educate Jewish youth for kibbutz life in Israel. Ha Shomer ha Ẓa ir had its roots in two youth movements that came into being in Galicia (then a province of the… …
88IḤUD HABONIM — IḤUD HABONIM, largest pioneering youth movement of the labor Zionist movement, founded in 1958 with headquarters in Israel. Iḥud Habonim was established by the amalgamation of various youth movements around the world. It was composed of what was… …
89ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION — (Aliyah Bet or ha palah – resolute ascent ), the clandestine immigration of Jews to Ereẓ Israel. This kind of immigration began under Ottoman rule. From 1882 onward the Turks did not permit Jews from Eastern Europe, with rare exceptions, to… …
90KATZNELSON, BERL — (Beeri; 1887–1944), central figure of the Second Aliyah, a leader of the Zionist Labor movement, educator, and writer. Born in Bobruisk, Belorussia, son of a merchant, maskil, and a member of Ḥovevei Zion, Katznelson was a frail child. He… …
