had reduced the principal
111Military history of the Netherlands — History of the Netherlands This article is part of a series Early History …
112History of the Jews — History of the Jews † Catholic Encyclopedia ► History of the Jews (Yehúd m; Ioudaismos). Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism, the former denotes usually the Israelites or descendants of Jacob (Israel) in contrast to Gentile races;… …
113Metaphysics and science in the thirteenth century: William of Auvergne, Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon — Steven Marrone By the third decade of the thirteenth century there emerge the first signs of a new metaphysics. Alongside Neoplatonizing idealism we now see attempts to lay greater emphasis on the ontological density of the created world and to… …
114Cryptanalysis of the Enigma — enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of secret Morse coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had been enciphered using Enigma machines. This yielded military intelligence which, along with that from… …
115List of ships of the line of the Royal Navy — This is a list of ships of the line of the Royal Navy of England, and later (from 1707) of Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. The list dates from 1660, the year in which the Royal Navy came into being after the restoration of the monarchy… …
116presidency of the United States of America — ▪ United States government Introduction chief executive office of the United States. In contrast to many countries with parliamentary forms of government, where the office of president, or head of state, is mainly ceremonial, in the United… …
117History of trade for the People's Republic of China — Trade has been a very significant factor of the People s Republic of China s economy. In the twenty five years that followed the founding of the People s Republic of China in 1949, China s trade institutions were built into a partially modern but …
118motion picture, history of the — Introduction history of the medium from the 19th century to the present. Early years, 1830–1910 Origins The illusion of motion pictures is based on the optical phenomena known as persistence of vision and the phi phenomenon. The first …
119History of trade of the People's Republic of China — Trade has been a very significant factor of the People s Republic of China s economy. In the twenty five years that followed the founding of the People s Republic of China in 1949, China s trade institutions were built into a partially modern but …
120History of agriculture in the People's Republic of China — For over 4,000 years, China has been a nation of farmers. By the time the People s Republic of China was established in 1949, virtually all arable land was under cultivation; irrigation and drainage systems constructed centuries earlier and… …
