graphical estimation
81Mode (statistics) — In statistics, the mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set or a probability distribution.[1] In some fields, notably education, sample data are often called scores, and the sample mode is known as the modal score.[2] Like the… …
82Instrumental variable — In statistics, econometrics, and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible. Statistically, IV methods allow consistent estimation when the… …
83Credible interval — Bayesian statistics Theory Bayesian probability Probability interpretations Bayes theorem Bayes rule · Bayes factor Bayesian inference Bayesian network Prior · Posterior · Likelihood …
84Nonparametric regression — is a form of regression analysis in which the predictor does not take a predetermined form but is constructed according to information derived from the data. Nonparametric regression requires larger sample sizes than regression based on… …
85Multiple comparisons — In statistics, the multiple comparisons or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously.[1] Errors in inference, including confidence intervals that fail to include their corresponding… …
86Median absolute deviation — In statistics, the median absolute deviation (MAD) is a robust measure of the variability of a univariate sample of quantitative data. It can also refer to the population parameter that is estimated by the MAD calculated from a sample. For a… …
87Restricted randomization — Many processes have more than one source of variation in them. In order to reduce variation in processes, these multiple sources must be understood, and that often leads to the concept of nested or hierarchical data structures. For example, in… …
88Official statistics — on Germany in 2010, published in UNECE Countries in Figures 2011. Official statistics are statistics published by government agencies or other public bodies such as international organizations. They provide quantitative or qualitative information …
89Founders of statistics — Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the… …
90Principal component analysis — PCA of a multivariate Gaussian distribution centered at (1,3) with a standard deviation of 3 in roughly the (0.878, 0.478) direction and of 1 in the orthogonal direction. The vectors shown are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix scaled by… …
