formal input
41Parsing expression grammar — A parsing expression grammar, or PEG, is a type of analytic formal grammar that describes a formal language in terms of a set of rules for recognizing strings in the language. A parsing expression grammar essentially represents a recursive… …
42Second language acquisition — is the process by which people learn a second language in addition to their native language(s). The term second language is used to describe the acquisition of any language after the acquisition of the mother tongue. The language to be learned is …
43Critical period hypothesis — The critical period hypothesis is the subject of a long standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age. The hypothesis claims that there is an ideal… …
44P = NP problem — The relationship between the complexity classes P and NP is an unsolved question in theoretical computer science. It is considered to be the most important problem in the field – the Clay Mathematics Institute has offered a $1 million US prize… …
45Top-down parsing language — (TDPL) is a type of analytic formal grammar developed by Alexander Birman in the early 1970s in order to study formally the behavior of a common class of practical top down parsers that support a limited form of backtracking. Birman originally… …
46linguistics — /ling gwis tiks/, n. (used with a sing. v.) the science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. [1850 55; see LINGUISTIC, ICS] * * * Study of the nature and structure of… …
47π-calculus — In theoretical computer science, the π calculus (or pi calculus) is a process calculus originally developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker as a continuation of work on the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems) …
48Turing machine equivalents — Turing machine(s) Machina Universal Turing machine Alternating Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Read only Turing machine Read only right moving Turing Machines Probabilistic Turing machine Multi track Turing machine Turing machine… …
49X-Machine Testing — The (Stream) X Machine Testing Methodology is a complete functional testing approach to software and hardware testingM. Holcombe and F. Ipate (1998) Correct Systems Building a Business Process Solution . Springer, Applied Computing Series.] that… …
50Criticism of APL — APL has been used since the mid 1960s on mainframe computers and has itself evolved in step with computers and the computing market. APL is not widely used, but minimalistic and high level by design, at several points in its history it could have …
