finite summation
81Algorithms for calculating variance — play a major role in statistical computing. A key problem in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow… …
82Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem — Fig.1: Hypothetical spectrum of a bandlimited signal as a function of frequency The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, after Harry Nyquist and Claude Shannon, is a fundamental result in the field of information theory, in particular… …
83Navier–Stokes equations — Continuum mechanics …
84Laurent series — A Laurent series is defined with respect to a particular point c and a path of integration γ. The path of integration must lie in an annulus (shown here in red) inside of which f(z) is holomorphic (analytic). In mathematics, the Laurent series of …
85Stress (physics) — Stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body… …
86Invalid proof — In mathematics, there are a variety of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions. Although the proofs are flawed, the errors, usually by design, are comparatively subtle. These fallacies are normally regarded as mere curiosities, but can be used… …
87Linear elasticity — Continuum mechanics …
88William Kahan — Infobox Scientist name = William Morton Kahan image width = caption = birth date = birth date and age|1933|6|5 birth place = flagicon|CAN Toronto, Ontario death date = death place = residence = citizenship = nationality = Canadian ethnicity =… …
89Improper integral — In calculus, an improper integral is the limit of a definite integral as an endpoint of the interval of integration approaches either a specified real number or ∞ or −∞ or, in some cases, as both endpoints approach limits.Specifically, an… …
90Binomial series — In mathematics, the binomial series is the Taylor series at x = 0 of the function f given by f(x) = (1 + x) α, where α ∈ C is an arbitrary complex number. Explicitly, and the binomial series is the power series… …
