figure of inference
1Bayesian inference in phylogeny — generates a posterior distribution for a parameter, composed of a phylogenetic tree and a model of evolution, based on the prior for that parameter and the likelihood of the data, generated by a multiple alignment. The Bayesian approach has… …
2logic, history of — Introduction the history of the discipline from its origins among the ancient Greeks to the present time. Origins of logic in the West Precursors of ancient logic There was a medieval tradition according to which the Greek philosopher …
3Inquiry — For other uses, see Public inquiry and Enquiry character. An inquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment …
4The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures — Proved ( Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren erwiesen ) was an essay published by Immanuel Kant in 1762.ection I General conception of the Nature of Ratiocination A judgment is the comparison of a subject or thing with a… …
5LOGIQUES NON CLASSIQUES — La logique formelle «classique» (cf. histoire de la LOGIQUE, LOGIQUE MATHÉMATIQUE, théorie de la DÉMONSTRATION) est une théorie de l’inférence valide qui ne prend pas en considération le contenu sémantique de l’argument. Elle est une logique… …
6statistics — /steuh tis tiks/, n. 1. (used with a sing. v.) the science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical facts or data, and that, by use of mathematical theories of probability, imposes order and… …
7LOGIQUE (HISTOIRE DE LA) — Ce n’est qu’à une époque relativement récente qu’on a vraiment commencé à s’intéresser à l’histoire de la logique. Jusqu’au milieu du XIXe siècle régnait en effet l’idée que la logique n’avait pas d’histoire, étant, pour l’essentiel, sortie… …
8Descartes: methodology — Stephen Gaukroger INTRODUCTION The seventeenth century is often referred to as the century of the Scientific Revolution, a time of fundamental scientific change in which traditional theories were either replaced by new ones or radically… …
9Johnston diagram — Johnston diagrams, which look similar to Euler or Venn diagrams, illustrate formal propositional logic in a visual manner. Logically they are equivalent to truth tables; some may find them easier to understand at a glance. By overlaying one… …
10Logic and the philosophy of mathematics in the nineteenth century — John Stillwell INTRODUCTION In its history of over two thousand years, mathematics has seldom been disturbed by philosophical disputes. Ever since Plato, who is said to have put the slogan ‘Let no one who is not a geometer enter here’ over the… …
