expectation value
91Maxwell-Bloch Equations — The Maxwell Bloch equations describe the dynamics of a two state quantum system interacting with the electromagnetic mode of an optical resonator. The equations can be derived either semiclassically, or with the field fully quantized under… …
92Linear least squares/Proposed — Linear least squares is an important computational problem, that arises primarily in applications when it is desired to fit a linear mathematical model to observations obtained from experiments. Mathematically, it can be stated as the problem of… …
93Linear least squares (mathematics) — This article is about the mathematics that underlie curve fitting using linear least squares. For statistical regression analysis using least squares, see linear regression. For linear regression on a single variable, see simple linear regression …
94Linear least squares — is an important computational problem, that arises primarily in applications when it is desired to fit a linear mathematical model to measurements obtained from experiments. The goals of linear least squares are to extract predictions from the… …
95Taylor series — Series expansion redirects here. For other notions of the term, see series (mathematics). As the degree of the Taylor polynomia …
96Antiparticle — The laws of nature are very nearly symmetrical with respect to particles and antiparticles. For example, an antiproton and a positron can form an antihydrogen atom, which has almost exactly the same properties as a hydrogen atom. A physicist… …
97Electroweak interaction — In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies …
98Orbifold — This terminology should not be blamed on me. It was obtained by a democratic process in my course of 1976 77. An orbifold is something with many folds; unfortunately, the word “manifold” already has a different definition. I tried “foldamani”,… …
99Variational principle — A variational principle is a principle in physics which is expressed in terms of the calculus of variations. According to Cornelius Lanczos, any physical law which can be expressed as a variational principle describes an expression which is self… …
100Free particle — In physics, a free particle is a particle that, in some sense, is not bound. In classical physics, this means the particle is present in a field free space. Classical Free Particle The classical free particle is characterized simply by a fixed… …
