expectation value
81Spin contamination — In computational chemistry, spin contamination is the artificial mixing of different electronic spin states. This can occur when an approximate orbital based wave function is represented in an unrestricted form – that is, when the spatial parts… …
82Binomial options pricing model — BOPM redirects here; for other uses see BOPM (disambiguation). In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. The binomial model was first proposed by Cox, Ross and… …
83Bra-ket notation — Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle …
84Wigner-Eckart theorem — The Wigner Eckart theorem is a theorem of representation theory and quantum mechanics. It states that matrix elements of spherical tensor operators on the basis of angular momentum eigenstates can be expressed as the product of two factors, one… …
85Cluster decomposition theorem — In physics, the cluster decomposition theorem guarantees locality in quantum field theory. According to this theorem, the vacuum expectation value of a product of many operators each of them being either in region A or in region B where A and B… …
86Variational method (quantum mechanics) — The variational method is, in quantum mechanics, one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states. The basis for this method is the variational principle. Introduction Suppose we are given …
87Standard Model (mathematical formulation) — For a basic description, see the article on the Standard Model .This is a detailed description of the standard model (SM) of particle physics. It describes how the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs particle fit together. It gives an… …
88Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) — In thermodynamics, statistical entropy is the modeling of the energetic function entropy using probability theory. The statistical entropy perspective was introduced in 1870 with the work of the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. Mathematical… …
89Coherent states — In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely resembles the oscillating behaviour of a classical harmonic oscillator. It was the first example of quantum… …
90Option (finance) — Stock option redirects here. For the employee incentive, see Employee stock option. Financial markets Public market Exchange Securities Bond market Fixed income …
