expectation value
61Technicolor (physics) — Beyond the Standard Model Standard Model …
62Spontaneous symmetry breaking — Quantum field theory (Feynman diagram) …
63Spin-statistics theorem — Statistical mechanics Thermodynamics · …
64List of probability topics — This is a list of probability topics, by Wikipedia page. It overlaps with the (alphabetical) list of statistical topics. There are also the list of probabilists and list of statisticians.General aspects*Probability *Randomness, Pseudorandomness,… …
65Vacuum state — In quantum field theory, the vacuum state (also called the vacuum) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy. Generally, it contains no physical particles. The term zero point field is sometimes used as a synonym for the vacuum state… …
66Numerical sign problem — The numerical sign problem refers to the difficulty of numerically evaluating the integral of a highly oscillatory function of a large number of variables. Numerical methods fail because of the near cancellation of the positive and negative… …
67Helmholtz free energy — In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential which measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume. For such a system, the negative of the difference in… …
68Coherent state — In quantum mechanics a coherent state is a specific kind of quantum state of the quantum harmonic oscillator whose dynamics most closely resemble the oscillating behaviour of a classical harmonic oscillator system. It was the first example of… …
69LSZ reduction formula — In quantum field theory, the LSZ reduction formula is a method to calculate S matrix elements (the scattering amplitudes) from the time ordered correlation functions of a quantum field theory. It is a step of the path that starts from the… …
70Smith-Waterman algorithm — The Smith Waterman algorithm is a well known algorithm for performing local sequence alignment; that is, for determining similar regions between two nucleotide or protein sequences. Instead of looking at the total sequence, the Smith Waterman… …
