electron wave function
121Exchange force — In particle physics, an exchange force is a force produced by the exchange of force carrier particles, such as the electromagnetic force produced by the exchange of photons between electrons and the strong force produced by the exchange of gluons …
122Atomic nucleus — A figurative depiction of the helium 4 atom with the electron cloud in shades of gray. In the nucleus, the two protons and two neutrons are depicted in red and blue. This depiction shows the particles as separate, whereas in an actual helium atom …
123Graphene — is a one atom thick planar sheet of sp2 bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. It can be viewed as an atomic scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds. The name comes from GRAPHITE + ENE;… …
124Determinism — This article is about the general notion of determinism in philosophy. For other uses, see Determinism (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Fatalism, Predeterminism, or Predictability. Certainty series …
125Scintillation (physics) — Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a transparent material by an ionization event. See scintillator and scintillation counter for practical applications.OverviewThe process of scintillation is one of luminescence whereby light of a… …
126Breit equation — The Breit equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by Gregory Breit in 1929 based on the Dirac equation, which formally describes two or more massive spin 1/2 particles (electrons, for example) interacting electromagnetically to the first …
127Molecular Hamiltonian — In atomic, molecular, and optical physics as well as in quantum chemistry, molecular Hamiltonian is the name given to the Hamiltonian representing the energy of the electrons and nuclei in a molecule. This Hermitian operator and the associated… …
128Quantum economy — – this notion first occurred in an unpublished work by Anatoly V Kondratenko, Physical Modeling of Economic Systems. Classical and Quantum Economies that was put on the Internet in English in Novosibirsk in 2005. Main notionsQuantum economy in… …
