electron tunneling spectroscopy
31Conductive atomic force microscopy — (C AFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which uses electrical current to construct the surface profile of the studied sample. The current is flowing through the metal coated tip of the… …
32History of mass spectrometry — The history of mass spectrometry dates back more than one hundred years and has its roots in physical and chemical studies regarding the nature of matter. The study of gas discharges in the mid 19th century led to the discovery of anode and… …
33Unimolecular rectifier — Single organic molecules can function as rectifiers (one way conductors) of electric current. This was first proposed in 1974 by Arieh (later Ari) Aviram, then at IBM, and Mark Ratner, then at New York University; their publication was the first… …
34Nanometrology — NIST Next Generation Nanometrology research.[1] Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. Nanometrology has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices w …
35Atom — The atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. An atom has an electron cloud consisting of negatively charged electrons surrounding a dense nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged… …
36radioactivity — /ray dee oh ak tiv i tee/, n. Physics, Chem. the phenomenon, exhibited by and being a property of certain elements, of spontaneously emitting radiation resulting from changes in the nuclei of atoms of the element. Also called activity. [1895… …
37Microscopio de efecto túnel — Imagen de reconstrucción sobre una superficie limpia de oro (100) …
38Nobel Prize winners by name — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by name A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z A name year category country* achievement literary area Abrikosov, Alexey A. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries… …
39Nobel Prize winners by year — ▪ Table Nobel Prize winners by year 1901–10 1941–50 1981–90 1911–20 1951–60 1991–2000 1921–30 1961–70 2001–08 1931–40 1971–80 1901–10 year category name country* achievement literary area 1901 chemistry Henricus van t (Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van… …
40Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity. Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …
